As a severe cold snap grips the nation, plunging temperatures are posing a significant and often underestimated threat to public health. Dr Claire Agathou, a GP at The Wellington Hospital, part of HCA Healthcare UK, has identified five critical ways the chilly conditions impact the body and offers vital guidance for staying well.
Many people fail to grasp the severity of cold-weather effects, warns Dr Agathou. Exposure can dangerously exacerbate existing health conditions, making proactive preparation essential. These risks range from compromising the body's natural defences to placing intense strain on vital organs.
Weakened Immune Defences
Cold conditions create a perfect storm for viruses to thrive and spread. "Viruses can circulate more easily in the cold, dry air, and we spend more time indoors, which increases close contact and transmission," Dr Agathou explains. She further notes that cold air slows the nose's natural defences, including mucus flow and tiny hairs called cilia that trap viruses.
Furthermore, a sudden temperature drop can cause a temporary spike in stress hormones, which may reduce a person's immunity. This combined effect is a major contributor to the higher frequency of coughs, flu, and respiratory infections witnessed every winter.
Increased Cardiovascular Strain
"Cold weather causes something called vasoconstriction, which is when the blood vessels narrow, especially in the hands, feet, and skin," explains Dr Agathou. This narrowing action can significantly increase blood pressure and force the heart to work much harder.
The GP emphasises that individuals with a history of heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes, or those who smoke face heightened risks from these cold-induced effects on the circulatory system.
Respiratory System Flare-Ups
The cold, dry air can easily irritate airways and trigger bronchospasm, a sudden tightening of the airway muscles. Dr Agathou says this can cause the chest to feel tight, leading to breathlessness or coughing fits, particularly when moving quickly from a warm environment into a cold one.
People with pre-existing conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are especially vulnerable. Their airways are already narrower, making them far more likely to experience severe wheezing or breathlessness during the colder months.
Skin Barrier Breakdown and Joint Pain
"Winter conditions are a classic trigger of eczema," Dr Agathou confirms. The combination of cold, dry outdoor air and dry indoor heating reduces the skin’s barrier function, leading to increased water loss and inflamed patches. Even those without eczema can experience flare-ups of very dry, itchy skin.
Cold temperatures are also a frequent trigger for Raynaud's phenomenon, where small blood vessels in the fingers and toes overreact, causing colour changes and throbbing. For joints, reduced blood flow in the cold leads to increased stiffness and pain. "People also tend to be less active in winter, and inactive days can increase joint pain, especially in arthritis," says Dr Agathou.
Essential Winter Wellness Strategies
Dr Agathou provides the following essential recommendations for maintaining warmth and wellness during the cold spell:
Layer Up Properly: Multiple thin layers trap heat more effectively than a single thick one. Ensure your head and hands are covered, as significant body heat is lost through these areas.
Maintain Activity Levels: Movement is crucial for circulation, immunity, and preventing joint stiffness. Those with respiratory conditions should be cautious about exercising outdoors in extreme cold.
Stay Hydrated and Eat Well: Drinking plenty of fluids remains crucial for immunity and energy, even when it's cold. Prioritise good nutrition, including warm meals and sufficient Vitamin D intake.
Home Warmth and Medication: Aim to keep your home at a temperature of at least 18°C, especially if you are elderly. Never leave the house without your prescribed inhalers if you have a respiratory condition.
Check Vaccinations: Consult with your GP to see if you are eligible for flu and Covid boosters, particularly if you are in a vulnerable group.
